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    Moths as good as mice for many drug tests – study

    drugtest

    Biologists have discovered that certain key cells in mammals and insects react in the same way when attacked by infections and produce similar chemical reactions to fight them off.

    The findings could mean up to 80 percent of the mice used for testing new pharmaceutical compounds may no longer be needed, offering drug firms sizeable time and cost savings.

    “It is now routine practice to use insect larvae to perform initial testing of new drugs and then to use mice for confirmation tests,” said Kevin Kavanagh, a biologist from the National University of Ireland, who presented his research at a Society for General Microbiology meeting in Edinburgh.

    “This method of testing is quicker, as tests with insects yield results in 48 hours whereas tests with mice usually take 4 to 6 weeks. And it is much cheaper too.”

    Kavanagh and his colleagues found that neutrophils, white blood cells that form part of the mammalian immune system, and haematocytes, cells that carry out similar work in insects, react in the same way to infecting microbes.

    Both the insect and mammalian cells produce chemicals with a similar structure which move to the surface of the cells to kill the invading microbe, they found. The immune cells then enclose the microbe and release enzymes to break it down.

    “We used insects instead of mammals for measuring how pathogenic a bacterium or fungus is, and found a very good correlation between the results in mammals and insects,” Kavanagh said in a telephone interview.

    “The reason for this … is that the innate immune system of mammals is almost 90 percent similar to that of insects.”

    CUTTING COSTS

    Kavanagh said this meant insects such as fruit flies, moths and their caterpillars could be used to test new antimicrobial drugs or to judge how virulent fungal pathogens are.

    Some 85 percent of all mammals used in experiments are rodents — most of them mice.

    They are favored partly because they are small and relatively easy to study in laboratories, and breed rapidly so can show changes through generations relatively quickly.

    But the cost of caring for, housing and feeding a mouse for use in experiments can reach between 50 pounds and 80 pounds ($80 to $130) per mouse, while a caterpillar, for example, costs as little as 10 to 20 pence ($0.16 to $0.32), Kavanagh said.

    His research was carried out in conjunction with a drug discovery company in Britain, whose name cannot be disclosed, which needed to test some 700 potential new drug compounds.

    “That would have required about 14,000 mice,” said Kavanagh. “But instead they carried out a lot of the screening work in insects, and narrowed down the number of compounds to around 35, which they subsequently tested in mice. That reduced the mount of mice by about 80 percent.”

    source: http://www.reuters.com/

    EU chemicals law “spells surge in animal testing”

    EU chemicals

    LONDON (Reuters) – Far-reaching European safety rules on tens of thousands of chemicals used in everything from car seats to face cream will lead to a surge in animal testing and should be urgently reviewed, scientists said on Wednesday.

    The regulations may need 54 million research animals and cost 9.5 billion euros ($13.6 billion) to implement over the next 10 years — 20 times the number of animals and six times the cost previously anticipated, they reported in the journal Nature.

    The European Union’s REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) legislation came into effect two years ago, requiring companies to assess the toxicity of chemicals that date from before the era of mandatory testing.

    A new analysis by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found the number of chemicals pre-registered for REACH by industry had vastly exceeded expectations, pointing to a vast volume of testing.

    “As a toxicologist, I support the aims of REACH — it is the biggest investment into consumer safety ever,” said study author Thomas Hartung.

    “However, I am concerned that we have underestimated the scale of the challenge. Investment into developing alternative research methods to meet REACH goals is urgently needed.”

    Hartung and co-author Constanza Rovida said up to 101,000 chemicals could be covered by REACH, three times earlier estimates.

    The REACH legislation has already proved controversial with some manufacturers, fearful it may push up costs, and with animal rights groups, who wrote to European regulators earlier this month calling for curbs on unnecessary animal tests.

    (Reporting by Ben Hirschler; editing by John Stonestreet)

    “Green” burgers help Burgerville carve sustainable niche

    burgers

    If you think selling burgers and bettering the environment are mutually exclusive endeavors, don’t tell Jeff Harvey.

    The chief executive of Burgerville, a Pacific Northwest chain of 39 fast-food hamburger outlets, has set out to prove otherwise since taking on his initial role of chief operating officer with the company in 2004.

    “Why would a restaurant company do this?” says Harvey during a recent telephone interview from his office in Vancouver, Washington. “It’s not a moral story I’m trying to preach. It’s the pathway to smart and sustainable business.”

    Case in point: Currently more than 60 percent of the restaurant company’s garbage avoids ending up in landfills due to an employee-led recycling and composting program begun in 2007; once that amount reaches a company-wide goal of 85 percent, Burgerville expects to pocket some $100,000 in yearly waste removal savings.

    The monetary gain is in addition to the obvious benefits of reduced pollution and stress to the land. “It’s a long-term business strategy,” says Harvey.

    His company’s sustainable efforts are pervasive and clearly communicated to employees and consumers through education and visibility at the store level. Last year Burgerville recycled nearly 70,000 gallons of used oil from its fryers, the result of an initiative begun in 2006; nine of every ten gallons are converted into cleaner-burning biodiesel fuel. Last year Burgerville introduced a sustainable packaging program.

    The green efforts began in earnest shortly before Harvey’s arrival more than five years ago; that’s when Burgerville took a major gamble, shifting its beef sourcing away from the commodity markets to a cooperative of local ranchers practicing sustainable agriculture and cementing an earlier commitment made by the company.

    “The buzz was very significant and the (customers) were very appreciative of it,” recalls Harvey. “Our guest-count numbers spiked upwards.”

    The company then turned its attention to the energy markets, tapping Harvey’s expertise as a former executive at Chevron and PG&E. Burgerville now purchases wind energy credits from local utilities that are equivalent to 100 percent of the power used at its restaurants and corporate office.

    “I recognized that there was a distinct opportunity here,” says Harvey, a longtime friend to Tom Mears, chairman of Burgerville’s privately held parent, The Holland Inc. “Even though the company had lived by its values since its founding, those values hadn’t been fully utilized to drive market strategy.”

    SCALING PROGRAMS

    Burgerville learned a lot about the rollout of green initiatives from its beef program, he says. Among the most useful lessons: partnering with local suppliers to help them build scale and setting realistic goals that don’t overstress your company’s resources. Today that list also includes performing careful due diligence to ensure that would-be suppliers live up to their promises.

    “For me it kind of charted the course toward other decisions,” says Harvey, whose company now gets 70 percent of its ingredients from local suppliers, ranging from organic eggs to Tillamook cheese. Local farmers provide the makings for seasonal menu specials such as this month’s Cherry Chipotle Pulled Pork Sandwich, which includes fruit from the Oregon Cherry Growers.

    Burgerville receives some 35,000 to 40,000 pounds of hamburger a week from the beef cooperative, Country Natural Beef. To facilitate a better understanding of the market, ranchers periodically work in Burgerville’s restaurants getting to know the crew and customers up close and personal.

    “We’ve got a much higher quality product,” says Harvey, noting that patrons pay a premium for Burgerville’s meals, which are pricier than those of national chains like McDonald’s. According to the company’s online menu listing, a Burgerville Classic Hamburger sells for $3.39; the Half-Pound Colossal Cheeseburger goes for $5.29.

    The green efforts haven’t hurt results: under Harvey’s leadership, same-store sales have increased to double the industry average in the past two years. Burgerville doesn’t disclose specific numbers but Harvey says yearly sales are in the ballpark of roughly $70 million.

    It helps that Burgerville is located in the Pacific Northwest, where environmental endeavors are seen as a priority. But increasingly, green efforts are becoming top of mind for many small businesses, whose nimble size gives them more flexibility in execution.

    “Every place you look there are small businesses greening this, greening that,” says Byron Kennard, executive director of the Center for Small Business and the Environment, a nonprofit group. “Green technology is succeeding because it’s superior.”

    One of the best outcomes, says Harvey, is the ripple effect that initial efforts can have, as sustainable initiatives gain momentum and spread. This happened when Burgerville began its energy credit program, a move that was suggested by regional utility Portland General Electric.

    “Portland General Electric said we only serve a number of your restaurants,” says Harvey. “We said we understand but if you want to do this deal we want your help in getting all of our restaurants served.”

    So the utility used its program as a model and helped teach other regional utilities how to create similar offerings. Likewise, when Burgerville decided to convert its cooking oil, there wasn’t enough hauling capacity to serve all of its restaurants, so it worked with local converter SeQuential Biofuels to help build out the market.

    “What’s so cool about that approach is that it created other programs where those programs didn’t exist,” says Harvey. “We’re a community oriented business. Our restaurants are geared toward the communities where they’re located.”

    source: http://www.reuters.com/article/smallBusinessNews/idUSTRE5743KJ20090805?sp=true

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    No such thing as a perfect health system

    health system

    Transatlantic mud-slinging over healthcare conceals a simple reality that no country has yet a found a perfect system for helping the sick.

    U.S. critics of healthcare reform point to Europe as an example of why they oppose President Barack Obama’s fight to rein in costs, constrain insurance companies and expand health cover to most of the 46 million Americans who are uninsured.

    Although Obama has never proposed a system akin to Britain’s, where a single payer — in this case the government’s National Health Service (NHS) — picks up the cost, critics have been cranking out broadcast advertisements painting European systems as expensive socialized medicine which rations both care and lives.

    It is true that Americans trawling Europe’s differing forms of universal care for tips on overhauling their system will pick up plenty of gripes from patients and doctors.

    Yet Europeans still show overwhelming support for the principles underpinning the continent’s various programs of mandatory coverage, first pioneered by Germany’s Iron Chancellor Otto von Bismarck more than a century ago.

    “There is no perfect health system,” said Anna Dixon, director of policy at Britain’s independent healthcare think-tank The King’s Fund. “Most health systems are trying to reach the same objectives, but we all do it in different ways, and part of that is to do with our history.”

    SOLIDARITY

    Figures suggest Europeans get more bang for their healthcare buck, since overall health outcomes are better despite much lower spending than in the United States.

    But while European systems boast more solidarity between the sick and the healthy, where healthy people are willing to shoulder the costs of maintaining adequate healthcare for all, they are increasingly strained by rising drug and hospital costs and aging populations. The result is a continuous process of reform which produces a patchwork of policies in countries like Germany, France and Britain as governments strive to realign healthcare to a more complex and costly era of medicine.

    “All governments around the world face significant budget constraints,” said Peter Cornelius, an economist at private equity firm AlpInvest in Amsterdam.

    “And from a structural point of view, governments also face higher social welfare costs, including health costs, from a graying population. When you combine the two, governments in the U.S. and Europe face huge budgetary challenges.”

    Some Americans opposed to reform say Britain’s NHS system is tantamount to socialism, without noting that UK primary care doctors operate to a large degree as private businesses.

    Analysts, and Obama himself, say such claims are scaremongering.

    “The universal healthcare systems in developed countries around the world are not nearly as ’socialized’ as the health insurance industry and the American Medical Association want you to think,” said T.R. Reid, an author and Washington Post writer, in a new book “The Healing of America” published next week.

    According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the U.S. ranks with Turkey and Mexico as the only OECD nations that do not get close to universal health coverage.

    The data also show the costs. At 16 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP), the amount of money spent on U.S. healthcare is almost twice as much as in Britain and Spain and substantially higher than Germany or France.

    European countries, meanwhile, consistently rank higher than the United States on a range of health measures, including life expectancy at birth, infant mortality and “amenable” mortality — deaths that can be averted by good healthcare.

    Certainly Britons have been swift to defend their system, keen to fend off outside attacks on an NHS they moan about almost constantly themselves.

    A former finance minister, Nigel Lawson, once said the NHS was “the closest thing the English have to a religion” — and the manifestation of that has seen thousands join an online “welovetheNHS” Twitter campaign.

    RATIONING IS REALITY

    But the rallying cries cannot drown out the hard truth that access to healthcare is restricted everywhere.

    “There are not unlimited resources in any country to fund unlimited amounts of healthcare for everybody,” said The King’s Fund’s Dixon.

    U.S. “rationing” is a function of each person’s ability to pay, whereas for much of Europe it is imposed largely on a treatment-by-treatment basis, with some therapies deemed simply too expensive for the public purse.

    Europeans note the irony of the latest U.S. attacks, knowing that their own efforts to grapple with rising healthcare costs have forced them to pinch a few ideas from across the Atlantic.

    In France — which the World Health Organization ranks as number one for healthcare performance — mounting deficits on insurance programs have forced the introduction of U.S.-style “co-pays” on care.

    There are also cutbacks in services that remind some French people of NHS-style rationing.

    Analysts dismiss suggestions that Obama is trying to superimpose the NHS on America, but say he is right to seek out a few tips from Europe for cheaper, broader healthcare.

    The combination of a fresh administration with a recession that is making more Americans too poor to afford healthcare has created what Dixon described as “a perfect storm for reform.”

    “The U.S. healthcare system is too expensive even for the America economy to fund and there are many, many people who don’t have adequate access to healthcare,” she said. “So, we’ve have got to hope that he can at least extend coverage.”

    source: http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-HealthcareReform/idUSTRE57I2W020090819?sp=true

    Healthcare critics make outlandish claims, Obama says

    health
    WASHINGTON (Reuters) – President Barack Obama accused his critics on Saturday of resorting to “outlandish rumors” and “misleading information” aimed at derailing his efforts to overhaul the $2.5 trillion U.S. healthcare system.

    Obama struck back at conservative opponents as lawmakers returned home for their August break facing an increasingly rancorous battle over his top domestic legislative priority. A deal on healthcare has yet to be struck in Congress.

    “As we draw close to finalizing — and passing — real health insurance reform, the defenders of the status quo and political point-scorers in Washington are growing fiercer in their opposition,” Obama said, without naming names, in his weekly radio and Internet address.

    “Some have been using misleading information to defeat what they know is the best chance of reform we have ever had,” Obama said, adding it was critical for Americans to have all the facts as they meet their lawmakers in their home districts.

    Obama adviser David Axelrod has coached Senate Democrats on how to deal with angry opponents of the healthcare proposals during a month long August recess.

    Obama’s aides and fellow Democrats have charged that protests staged at some “town hall”-style meetings held by congressional Democrats have been orchestrated by Republican- and industry-backed groups and conservative talk-show hosts, and are calling for a more civil dialogue.

    Obama’s push for healthcare reform, which seeks to provide coverage to nearly 46 million uninsured Americans, rein in healthcare costs and regulate insurance practices has been assailed by critics over its $1 trillion cost and scope. Republicans call it a government takeover of healthcare that will drive up the deficit.

    Democrats who control Congress have feuded among themselves over how to pay for it, and Obama’s public approval rating has slipped as the debate drags on.

    Obama says the package is vital to a U.S. economic recovery. No Republicans have backed the proposals being crafted in Congress.

    “Let me explain what reform will mean for you. And let me start by dispelling the outlandish rumors that reform will promote euthanasia, cut Medicaid or bring about a government takeover of health care. That’s simply not true,” Obama said in his Saturday address.

    “There are those who … are trying to exploit differences or concerns for political gain,” he added.

    Obama acknowledged some differences remained to be worked out but insisted that “we are moving toward a broad consensus” and reaffirmed his goal of getting the healthcare revamp enacted by the end of the year.

    He will keep up his own public relations offensive on healthcare next week when he holds a town hall meeting in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
    source: http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN0742097620090808

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